Randomness
From Maze
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=== The Emergence of Randomness in Computing === | === The Emergence of Randomness in Computing === | ||
| − | The RND command is the algorithmic heart of 10 PRINT, its flip-flip-flopping beat powering the creation of the maze. It is also a paradox. The function of the RND token in 10 PRINT is immediately known yet its output is entirely unknown. Unpredictable. A cipher, the manifestation of a much deeper latent content, operating underneath the surface of the machine. | + | The RND command acts as the algorithmic heart of 10 PRINT, its flip-flopping beat powering the construction of the maze. At the same time, is paradoxical. The function of the RND token in 10 PRINT is immediately known yet its output is entirely unknown. Unpredictable. A cipher, the manifestation of a much deeper latent content, operating underneath the surface of the machine. |
| − | An obvious question to ask about randomness is why bother at all? Why have the ability in the first place to generate random numbers? Computers are supposed to calculate with exactitude. Computers are supposed to order the world. Computers are supposed to sift through reams of data and model possible outcomes, possible futures. | + | An obvious question to ask about randomness is why bother at all? Why have the ability in the first place to generate random numbers? Computers are supposed to calculate with exactitude. Computers are supposed to order the world. Computers are supposed to sift through reams of data and model possible outcomes, possible futures. Yet a function to create random numbers was present in the first Dartmouth BASIC. Every version of BASIC since then has had one or more ways to create random numbers. Finally, nearly every contemporary programming language, including Python, Perl, Java, Javascript and C++, has a way to generate randomness. It turns out to be impossible to model any kind of process without taking into account randomness. It is a defining feature of life—and the universe for that matter. |
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| − | But it turns out that it’s impossible to function as any kind of calculating machine or simulation without taking into account randomness, a defining feature of life—and the universe for that matter. | ||
Quite simply, randomness is required for any statistical endeavor needing random sampling or tests of probability. And one or two random numbers are not enough. Large-scale statistical calculations or simulations require large batches of random numbers. In her history of humans’ quest for randomness--which Bennett suggests goes as far back as ancient Babylonia (17)--Bennett highlights one the early and largest set of random numbers, the RAND Corporation’s ''A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates'' (135). Generated in 1955 “by random frequency pulses of an electronic roulette wheel,” the RAND’s set of random numbers was an important contribution to any study of probability and is still in use today. As the forward to the undated online edition of the table notes: | Quite simply, randomness is required for any statistical endeavor needing random sampling or tests of probability. And one or two random numbers are not enough. Large-scale statistical calculations or simulations require large batches of random numbers. In her history of humans’ quest for randomness--which Bennett suggests goes as far back as ancient Babylonia (17)--Bennett highlights one the early and largest set of random numbers, the RAND Corporation’s ''A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates'' (135). Generated in 1955 “by random frequency pulses of an electronic roulette wheel,” the RAND’s set of random numbers was an important contribution to any study of probability and is still in use today. As the forward to the undated online edition of the table notes: | ||
